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energy policy Energy security renewable energy sources Nordic countries international cooperation

Contemporary energy policy is an essential part of the economic policy of each country due to the strategic nature of access to energy for undisturbed economic development and maintaining political independence. The main task of the energy policy is to ensure energy security understood as the certainty and stability of current and future energy supplies to consumers at acceptable costs, with a limited impact on the environment. Regardless of the measures taken to implement the energy policy, the element of limited environmental impact has recently become of key importance. It is caused by the greenhouse effect that has been progressing for several decades due to the massive consumption of fossil energy resources, which led into an increase in the average temperature on earth, what may result in a threat to the survival of humanity. In addition, access to fossil raw materials is geographically restricted to a few countries, which in turn creates a potential risk of political and economic dependence of importers on exporters. In response to these challenges, an important part of today's energy policy is the transformation to replace high-carbon fossil fuels with low-carbon fuels or renewable sources. This shift can occur through the use of domestic resources through decisions made by national governments, but also through cooperation with other countries. In this context, the Polish energy sector is facing a very serious modernization challenge related to the highest dependence on the consumption of high-emission hard coal and lignite among the EU countries. However, there are countries in Europe that have significantly reduced the consumption of fossil fuels and are on the way to decarbonising their economies. These include the Nordic countries: Denmark, Sweden, Finland, as well as Norway and Iceland from outside the EU. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the possibilities arising from the current and prospective cooperation between Poland and the Nordic countries in the context of the transformation of the Polish energy sector.

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